CONFEDERATE 1ST NATIONAL UNIT FLAGS IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. While others were wildly different, many of which were very complex and extravagant, these were largely discounted due to the being too complicated and expensive to produce. The flags of the Confederate States of America have a history of three successive designs during the American Civil War. Only 13 flags, however, had been delivered to Major J.B. McClelland at Richmond by the battle of 1st Manassas (Bull Run), and none of these may have been distributed to the Army at Centreville before the battle. As a result, Confederate military presentation flags made throughout the South in 1861 and 1862 demonstrate no common proportions or sizes. As historian Caroline E. Janneynotes, the Lost Cause myth came about immediately after the war as Confederates struggled to come to terms with their defeat in a postwar climate of economic, racial, and social uncertainty.. Even a few fourteen- and fifteen-starred ensigns were made to include states expected to secede but never completely joined the Confederacy. Our acid dye process saturates right through the flag producing deep and vivid colors that never crack or peel. The Confederacy adopted a total of three national flags before its collapse in 1865. These Confederate national colors seem to have measured 4 feet on their hoist by 5 1/2 feet on the fly. A lithograph from 1897 displays four prominent designs of the Confederate flag and states that the images "help in keeping within us recollections of those who gave their lives to the 'Lost Cause,' and to perpetuate the memories and traditions of the South.". Can we bring a species back from the brink? The flags were initially prepared bore seven stars in a circle, but at least one 11 star example in the storm size is known with Vaughans markings. The flags of the Confederate States of America have a history of three successive designs from 1861 to 1865. The 12th star represented Missouri. Activist and filmmaker Brittany "Bree" Newsome climbed a 30-foot pole outside of the South Carolina state capitol to remove the Confederate flag weeks after a shooting at a predominantly Black Charleston church in 2015. [14][15] The original version of the flag featured a circle of seven white stars in the navy-blue canton, representing the seven states of the South that originally composed the Confederacy: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. June 14, 2020. The first flag was produced in rush, due to the date having already been selected to host an official flag-raising ceremony, W. P. Miles credited the speedy completion of the first "Stars and Bars" flag to "Fair and nimble fingers". Confederate generals P.G.T. In 2015, the flag came roaring back into the national consciousness when a white supremacist killed nine churchgoers at the Emanuel AME Church in Charleston, South Carolina. Generals Beauregard and Johnston and Quartermaster General Cabell approved the 12-star Confederate Battle Flag's design at the Ratcliffe home, which served briefly as Beauregard's headquarters, near Fairfax Court House in September 1861. The original flag of the Confederate States of America, commonly known as the STARS AND BARS, was approved by the Congress of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States, and first hoisted over the capitol building in Montgomery, Alabama, on the afternoon of the 4th day of March, 1861. The Confederacy's first official national flag, often called the Stars and Bars, flew from March 4, 1861, to May 1, 1863. Across the South, Citizens Councils and the Ku Klux Klanflew the battle flag as they intimidated Black citizens. Variant of the first national flag with 13 stars, The second national flag of the Confederate States of America. The "Stars and Bars" flag was only selected by the Congress of March 4, 1861, the day of the deadline. national flag consisting of white stars (50 since July 4, 1960) on a blue canton with a field of 13 alternating stripes, 7 red and 6 white. The committee asked the public to submit thoughts and ideas on the topic and was, as historian John M. Coski puts it, "overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the 'old flag' of the United States." The federal dark state is creating laws without congress. The results were mixed. The blue color of the diagonal saltire's "Southern Cross" was much lighter than the battle flag's dark blue. Measures: 3 feet by 5 feet FLAG QUALITY AND USES Standard Quality Construction: Super-weave polyester - Our most popular quality level In February of 1863 the purchase of these 1st national flags ceased when General Beauregard instituted the battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia, as modified by Charlston Clothing Depot. Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, This empress was the most dangerous woman in Rome. From this bunting Ruskell assembled at least 43 flags, for which he was paid $11.50 each. Although less well known than the "Confederate Battle Flags",the Stars and Bars was used as the official flag of the Confederacy from March 1861 to May of 1863. The First Official Flag of the Confederacy. It was flown forward aboard all Confederate warships while they were anchored in port. It was also challenged by Black activists and their white allies. As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of stars: two were added for Virginia and Arkansas in May 1861, followed by two more representing Tennessee and North Carolina in July, and finally two more for Missouri and Kentucky (while the legality of Missouri's secession is contested, neither states partisan governments achieved substantive territory or population). Quick View. Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. In the U.S. Army the garrison flag (flown on special occasions) was 20 feet on the hoist by 36 feet on the fly, while the storm flag (flown during inclement weather and less formal occurences) was directed to measure 10 feet on the hoist by 20 feet on the fly. However, when the war started, the Stars and Bars confused the battlefield. Many restored flags are always on display. One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. Most famously, the "Bonnie Blue Flag" was used as an unofficial flag during the early months of 1861. [11], Initial reaction to the second national flag was favorable, but over time it became criticized for being "too white." To remedy this inadequacy, General Beauregard caused a number of Confederate 1st national flags to be made from the bunting that had been seized at the former Gosport U.S. Navy Yard near Portsmouth, Virginia. In a Feb. 10 memo to its public affairs offices, the Defense Department said that having service members carry the U.S. flag horizontally or land it on the ground after a parachute jump is no . Photograph courtesy the Library of Congress, Photograph by Flip Schulke, CORBIS/Corbis/Getty, Photograph by Kris Graves, National Geographic. In the early summer of 1861, the army was renamed the Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) commanded by Gen. R.E. The Stars and Bars served as the first national flag of the Confederate States of America from 4 Mar. [58] A July 2021 Politico-Morning Consult poll of 1,996 registered voters reported that 47% viewed it as a symbol of Southern pride while 36% viewed it as a symbol of racism. The flags were known as the "Stars and Bars&qu. [56][57] A YouGov poll in 2020 of more than 34,000 Americans reported that 41% viewed the flag as representing racism, and 34% viewed it as symbolizing southern heritage. Miles also told the Committee on the Flag and Seal about the general's complaints and request that the national flag be changed. Although Tennessee did not join the Confederacy until the middle of 1861, four of its unit flags bore seven stars and another three had eight (all seven stars surrounding a central star). The flag was issued in the fall of 1861. The battle flag was also featured in the state flags of Georgia and Mississippi, although it was removed by the former in 2003 and the latter in 2020. The design of the Stars and Bars varied over the following two years. Riddle submitted his flag proposals to Stephen Foster Hale on February 21, 1861. 1st National Confederate Flag 7 Star Stars and Bars Confederate 1st National Cotton Flag 4 x 6 ft. $ 109.95. During the Civil War, some of the units from Louisiana and Texas adopted the Bonnie Blue flag as their official banner of the Confederacy. Miles' flag lost out to the "Stars and Bars". But as secession got underway, the Confederate States of America adopted a flag that riffed off the Unions stars and stripes. One such 12-star flag resides in the collection of Richmond's Museum of the Confederacy and the other is in the Confederate Memorial Hall Museum in New Orleans. J. Hardee. Historian Gaines M. Foster for Zcalo Public Square writes that its use was regional and tied to the memory of the war. (Toppling statues is a first step toward ending Confederate myths.). Known as the Stars and Bars, the flag featured a white star for each Confederate state on a blue background, and three stripes, two red and one white. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? Lightboxes. Early flags contain seven stars for the original seven states of the Confederacy. The red space above and below to be the same width as the white. But the battle flag has since been claimed by white supremacists and mythologized by others as an emblem of a rebellious Southern heritage. Deep South. How Long After the Battle of First Manassas did the various battle flags replace the Stars and Bars or did they ever entirely replace it? Confederate National flag of Fort McAllister, Confederate National Flag captured from Fort Jackson, Battle flag of the 11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment used at Antietam, Surrender flag of Army of Northern Virginia. Flag flown by Confederate Missouri regiments during the Vicksburg campaign. The first national flag of the Confederacy with thirteen stars was used until May 1, 1863. Four flags with nine stars (eight around a center star) emanated from Louisiana but two also were made in Mississippi in the same style. Deliveries began on 18 July 1861 and continued until 7 August. The Southern Cross still has plenty of supporters who insist their love of the flag is about heritage, not hate. In a 2019 survey of nearly 35,000 U.S. adults, polling firm YouGovfound that although a plurality of Americans (41 percent) think the flag symbolizes racism, 34 percent think it symbolizes heritage. [6] In explaining the white background of his design, Thompson wrote, "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause." Adopted in February 1865, as a result from complaints made by the Confederate Navy that he predominate white color of the second national flag caused it be mistaken for a flag of surrender. Unit abbreviations on two of the surviving flags were applied with separately cut and applied red cotton letters. On May 1, 1863, the Confederacy adopted its first official national flag, often called the Stainless Banner. "The present one is universally hated. From the heartland of the Confederacy (Tennessee and Kentucky) 18 identified flags were surveyed. STARS AND BARS Images of 12 Star versions of the first Confederate national flag. This firm, on open market purchases, supplied Confederate 1st national flags to at least seven units in the District of South Carolina between 8 August 1862 and 10 February 1863. Were most of the flags made in the Confederacy sewn by hand or by sewing machine? Miles described his rejected national flag design to Beauregard. Judging from the $12.00 price that Ruskell later received for a bunting Confederate 1st national that was 6 feet long on the fly, it is thought that the 43 flags that he delivered in July and August were 4 feet on their hoist by 6 feet on their fly with eleven white, 5-pointed stars arranged in a circle or ellipse. [16], One of the first acts of the Provisional Confederate Congress was to create the Committee on the Flag and Seal, chaired by William Porcher Miles, a Democratic congressman, and Fire-Eater from South Carolina. So Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard decided that he needed to design a different national flag so that it would . It was designed by Prussian -American artist Nicola Marschall in Marion, Alabama, and is said to resemble the Flag of Austria, with which Marschall would have been familiar. According to one account, these flags were later turned in so that their bunting could be recycled into other flags. Return to the Confederate Flags Home Page. Even though the national flag changed in 1863, this flag saw continued use until 1865. "Stonewall" Jackson as it lay in state in the Virginia capitol, May 12, 1863. Second national flag (May 1, 1863 March 4, 1865), 2:1 ratio, Second national flag (May 1, 1863 March 4, 1865), also used as the Confederate navy's ensign, 3:2 ratio, A 12-star variant of the Stainless Banner produced in, Variant captured following the Battle of Painesville, 1865, Third national flag (after March 4, 1865), Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a square canton, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 18:54. The Audience went wild, and the song was an instant success. [34][35] As a result of this first usage, the flag received the alternate nickname of the "Jackson Flag". Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. Thereafter, the number of stars continued to increase until Tennessee gained her seat as the 11th State on 2 July 1861. In this image from January 6, 2021, a man flies the flag at the rally for then-President Donald Trump that led to an armed siege of the U.S. Capitol. [43], The Army of Northern Virginia battle flag assumed a prominent place post-war when it was adopted as the copyrighted emblem of the United Confederate Veterans. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. national flag consisting of seven white stars on a blue canton with a field of three alternating stripes, two red and one white. As might be expected for unit flags from the eleventh Confederate state, eight of the unit flags from this region bore eleven stars, all but one in a pure circle of eleven stars. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Stars and Bars, the name of the first national Confederate flag. Stock photos, 360 images, vectors and videos. Robed Ku Klux Klan members watch Black demonstrators march through Okolona, Mississippi, in 1978. As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of white stars on the ensign's dark blue canton: seven-, nine-, eleven-, and thirteen-star groupings were typical. These authentic cotton flags are hard to find and may disappear at some point. Over the course of the flag's use by the CSA, additional stars were added to the canton, eventually bringing the total number to thirteen-a reflection of the Confederacy's claims of having admitted the border states of Kentucky and Missouri, where slavery was still widely practiced. [30] When Thompson received word the Congress had adopted the design with a blue stripe, he published an editorial on April 28 in opposition, writing that "the blue bar running up the center of the white field and joining with the right lower arm of the blue cross, is in bad taste, and utterly destructive of the symmetry and harmony of the design. As many as eight more stars were later added to represent states admitted to or claimed by the Confederacy. With the war over, the South entered Reconstruction, a period during which the now reunified United States ended slavery and gave Black Americans citizenship and voting rights. Many soldiers wrote home about the ceremony and the impression the flag had upon them, the "fighting colors" boosting morale after the confusion at the Battle of First Manassas. Hundreds of designs were submitted and on May 4, 1861, the First National Flag was adopted (there would eventually be two others). The official version was to have the stars in a circle, with the number corresponding to the States actually admitted to the Confederacy. The trend continued with local reenactment groups raising the necessary funds to conserve flags. And both South Carolina and Alabama began flying it over their capitols. First National Confederate Flag - "Stars and Bars" The protesters were demanding diverse hiring and were boycotting the area's stores. These two designs were lost, and we only know of them thanks to an 1872 letter sent by William Porcher Miles to P. G. T. Beauregard. [3] In January 1862, George William Bagby, writing for the Southern Literary Messenger, wrote that many Confederates disliked the flag. -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the, Journal of the Confederate Congress, Volume 6, p.477, John D. Wright, The Language of the Civil War, p.284, Healy, Donald T.; Orenski, Peter J. He did not share in the nostalgia for the Union that many of his fellows Southerners felt, believing that the South's flag should be completely different from that of the North. The Stars and Bars, which the Confederate Congress had adopted in March 1861 because it resembled the once-beloved Stars and Stripes, proved impractical and even dangerous on the battlefield because of that resemblance. Four camp colors or flank markers accompanied each of these national colors. The Bonnie Blue gained popularity throughout the South through the song THE BONNIE BLUE FLAG written by Harry McCarthy in 1861. The First National Flag -- Stars and Bars May 4, 1861 - May 1, 1863 The Confederate States of America solicited designs for a national flag early in 1861. If Miles had not been eager to conciliate the Southern Jews, his flag would have used the traditional upright "Saint George's Cross" (as used on the flag of England, a red cross on a white field). Within the blue saltire were seven white stars, representing the current seven states of the Confederacy, two on each of the left arms, one of each of the right arms, and one in the middle. [47], The First Confederate Navy Jack, 18611863, The First Confederate Navy Ensign, 18611863, The Second Confederate Navy Jack, 18631865, The Second Confederate Navy Ensign, 18631865, The Second Navy Ensign of the ironclad CSS Atlanta, The 9-star First Naval Ensign of the paddle steamer CSS Curlew, The 11-star Ensign of the Confederate Privateer Jefferson Davis, A 12-star First Confederate Navy Ensign of the gunboat CSS Ellis, 18611862, The Command flag of Captain William F. Lynch, flown as ensign of his flagship, CSS Seabird, 1862, Pennant of Admiral Franklin Buchanan, CSSTennessee, at Battle of Mobile Bay, August 5, 1864, Digital recreation of Admiral Buchanan's pennant, Admiral's Rank flag of Franklin Buchanan, flown from CSS Virginia during the first day of the Battle of Hampton Roads and also flown from the CSS Tennessee during the Battle of Mobile Bay, Confederate naval flag, captured when General William Sherman took Savannah, Georgia, 1864, The first national flag, also known as the Stars and Bars (see above), served from 1861 to 1863 as the Confederate Navy's first battle ensign. Its meaning has been a taboo for generations in the USA, as many believe it represents 'White Supremacy', pro-racism, slavery and hatred. No seven star Confederate flags survive from these states. Despite the official pattern and numbers, however, individual examples of the Stars and Bars varied greatly, with numbers of stars ranging from 1 to 17, and star patterns varying greatly beyond the officially sanctioned circle. Van Dorn was relieved of command after the Battle of Corinth in 1862. But once Reconstructionended in 1877, white Southerners hastened to restore what they saw as their rightful place at the top of a racially segregated social order. The first Confederate national flag bore 7 stars representing the first seven states to secede from the U.S. and band together as the Confederate States of America: South Carolina, Mississippi . When rebels fired on Fort Sumter in April 1861, theyflew a blue banner with a single white star called the Bonnie Blue Flag. The Stars and Bars Flag is the first official flag of the Confederacy. FIRST NATIONAL FLAGS FOR THE CONFEDERATE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. In 1961, South Carolina began to fly the Confederate flag over its state house. The name derived from the blue canton with a circle of white stars and the three red, white, and red bars in the flag's field. On 4 March 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted its first national flag, the "Stars and Bars", and raised it over the dome of the temporary capitol in Montgomery, Alabama.. Also available below is a Vinyl Decal (suitable for outdoor use). Of 23 identified 1st national flags from Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, most (16) bear eleven stars; and of these, 7 are arranged in a circle of eleven, while 5 have ten stars surrounding a center star. The Dixiecrat-era fad flag stoked its sale on everything from T-shirts to mugs and bumper stickers. Most contemporary interpretations of the white area on the flag hold that it represented the purity of the secessionist cause. at Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1863. The Republic was short lived and soon dissolved. William Porcher Miles, however, was not really happy with any of the proposals. All rights reserved. These flags show a high preponderance of flags with thirteen and fifteen stars, with most arranged in a circle around a center star, either of the same size or larger than the balance of the stars. Battle Flags in the Trans-Mississippi Department, Battle Flags of the Army of Northern Virginia, Battle Flags of the Army of Tennessee, late 1863 to 1865, Photos and Images of Army of Tennessee Augusta Depot Battle Flags, Battle Flags of the Army of the Mississippi / Army of Tennessee, 1861 to late 1863, Battle Flags of the Army of the Peninsula, Battle Flags of the Confederate Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, Battle Flags of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, Secondary Flags of the Confederate States Army, Confederate States Navy Regulations Involving Flags, Navy Ensigns, Pennants, and Jacks, 1861-1863, Navy Ensigns, Pennants, and Jacks, 1863-1865. Its popularity persisted, and over the ensuing decades, the battle flag became a generic symbol of rebellion spotted on TV shows like The Dukes of Hazzardand on stage with bands likeLynyrd Skynyrd. The flags were known as the "Stars and Bars", used from 1861 to 1863; the "Stainless Banner", used from 1863 to 1865; and the "Blood-Stained Banner", used in 1865 shortly before the Confederacy's dissolution. Native American Flags. In 2000, the flag over the state house was removed, at the . [citation needed], The First Confederate Navy jacks, in use from 1861 to 1863, consisted of a circle of seven to fifteen five-pointed white stars against a field of "medium blue." Interestingly, a significant number of Tennessee company and regimental 1st national flags were made of silk and were of very large size, often exceeding 8 feet on their flys. [59][60], Drawing in the United Confederate Veterans 1895 Sponsor souvenir album. Stars and bars may refer to: Stars and Bars (flag), the first (1861-1863) flag of the Confederate States of America Stars and Bars (1988 film), 1988 comedy starring Daniel Day-Lewis Stars and Bars (1917 film), 1917 silent film comedy directed by Victor Heerman In such cases, one of the company flags would be chosen to serve as the regimental flag. Isnt the Rectangular battle flag really the Navy Jack? But how did the battle flag, also known as the Southern Cross, come to represent the Confederacy in the first place? William Miles delivered a speech supporting the simple white design that was eventually approved. Since it is known that Hayden & Whilden from Charleston provided eleven star unit flags for the Confederate Quartermasters Department, the number of eleven star flags made in this region undoubtedly was even larger. All rights reserved. The roughly 5,000-year-old human remains were found in graves from the Yamnaya culture, and the discovery may partially explain their rapid expansion throughout Europe. First National Confederate States of America Flag - Cotton. Enterprise. "Everybody wants a new Confederate flag," Bagby wrote. Designed by William Porcher Miles, one of the congressmen of the Confederate, the new flag had a blue X-shaped pattern called St. Andrew's Cross against a red background. This flag was known as the 'Stars and Bars', though ironically the Stars and Bars have a completely different design as compared, to the rectangular Confederate flag. The general consensus is that it was designed by Prussian-American artist Nicola Marschall.The design consists of a red-white-red triband (possibly inspired by the Austrian flag, with which Marcschall would . The flags that were actually produced by the Richmond Clothing Depot used the 1.5:1 ratio adopted for the Confederate navy's battle ensign, rather than the official 2:1 ratio. For use of Confederate symbols in modern society and popular culture, see, Flags of the Confederate States of America. Hundreds of proposed national flag designs were submitted to the Confederate Congress during competitions to find a First National flag (FebruaryMay 1861) and Second National flag (April 1862; April 1863). This caused major problems at the July 1861 Battle of First Manassas and during other skirmishes as some troops mistakenly fired on their own comrades. Similarly the patriotic ladies of the South who prepared most of the company and regimental flags for the military units raised in the Southern states chose whatever proportions and sizes seemed aesthetic. Inside the canton are seven to thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size, arranged in a circle and pointing outward. A mans world? The flag had become big businessand led a double life both as a nostalgic symbol and a deeply evocative banner of racism. This is the First National Flag of the Confederacy, the Stars and Bars. Which travel companies promote harmful wildlife activities? Bar, Cocktails, $ $$ Facebook. The winner of the competition was Nicola Marschall's "Stars and Bars" flag. The "Sibley Flag", Battle Flag of the Army of New Mexico, commanded by General Henry Hopkins Sibley. The "Stars and Bars" flag, now called the Confederate first national pattern, was selected (without a formal vote) by the Confederate government in March 1861. The chairman was William Porcher Miles, who was also the Representative of South Carolina in the Confederate House of Representatives. The Flags of the Old Dominion Guards, 1st Louisiana Infantry (Dreuxs Battn.) Perry was a former colonel in the Confederate army during the war, and he presumably based the design on the First National Flag of the Confederacy, commonly known as the Stars and Bars. [ 1] The Stars and Bars flag was adopted March 4, 1861 in Montgomery, Alabama and raised over the dome of . This flag saw action in the battles in the west. Moreover, the ones made by the Richmond Clothing Depot used the square canton of the second national flag rather than the slightly rectangular one that was specified by the law. South Carolina, which had defiantly flown the banner at its capitol for years,retired it that year, and multiple retailers stopped selling merchandise featuring the flag now labeled ahate symbol by the Anti-Defamation League. In the early months of the War, the Confederate War Department relied exclusively on the patriotic effusion of the ladies of the South for the unit colors of the units that assembled in Richmond during the Spring and Summer of 1861. [13] The Columbia-based Daily South Carolinian observed that it was essentially a battle flag upon a flag of truce and might send a mixed message. But given the popular support for a flag similar to the U.S. flag ("the Stars and Stripes" originally established and designed in June 1777 during the Revolutionary War), the "Stars and Bars" design was approved by the committee.[17]. Smith, Louisburg", University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "The Declarations of Causes of Seceding States", "Confederate battle flag: Separating the myths from facts", "Letter of Beauregard to Villere, April 24, 1863", "Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag", 37 New Historical Markers for Virginia's Roadways, "2008 Virginia Marker Dedication: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag", North & South The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society, "Why the Confederate Flag Made a 20th Century Comeback", "Confederate flag removed: A history of the divisive symbol", "Trump keeps fighting a Confederate flag battle many supporters have conceded", "Majority Of Southerners Now View The Confederate Flag As A Racist Symbol, Poll Finds", "What the Confederate flag means in America today", "American Electorate Continues to Favor Leaving Confederate Relics in Place", "National Tracking Poll #2107045 / July 09-12, 2021 / Crosstabulation Results", Active autonomist and secessionist movements, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America&oldid=1142855463, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Articles with incomplete citations from July 2020, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2022, Pages using infobox flag with unknown parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, Articles needing additional references from September 2021, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0.

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